The type locus of 
Camberwell BeautyNymphalis antiopa (Linnaeus, 1758)Mourning CloakCamberwell Beauty is 
SwedenSweden.
Carl von Linné (1707-1778)Carl von Linné is the first describer of the Camberwell BeautyNymphalis antiopa (Linnaeus, 1758)Mourning CloakCamberwell Beauty.
Its first description was published in 1758 in von Linné, 1767 - Caroli a Linné, Systema Naturae, Tom. I. Pars II., Editio Duodecima Reformata..
Carl von Linné (1707-1778)Carl von Linné originally gave the butterfly the name Papilio antiopa when it was first scientifically described in 1758.
In von Linné, 1767 - Caroli a Linné, Systema Naturae, Tom. I. Pars II., Editio Duodecima Reformata. he describes the butterfly with the following words:
Antiopa 165 P.N. alis angulatis nigris limbo albido (English: With angular black wings and a wide whitish border).
Habitat in Betula, Salice, etiam in America. Kalm.
Appendix Synonymorum: ... PAPILIO, ... Anthiopa LXX: 1, 2.
He refers to the following literature:
Faun. svec. I. n. 772. Morio
Geoffr. paris. 2. p. 35. n. I.
Scop. Carn. 419
Schaeff. elem. t. 94. f. 1.
Jonst. ins. t. 9. et 11.
Raj. ins. 135, 136
De Geer ins. I. t. 21. f. 8, 9.
Wilk. pap. 58. t. 2. a. 10.
Roes. ins. I. p. I. t. I.
Sultz. ins. I. t. 14. f. 85.
The Specimen of the first description (name-bearing or eponymous type)Type specimen is located in The Linnean Collections: Type specimen of the Camberwell Beauty (Nymphalis antiopa) by Carl von Linné
Roger Verity (1883-1959)Roger Verity surmised in 1913 that the butterfly originally came from the American continent Verity, 1913 - Revision of the Linnean Types of Palaearctic Rhopalocera due to the small size of the butterfly and the narrow fringe of the Camberwell BeautyNymphalis antiopa (Linnaeus, 1758)Mourning CloakCamberwell Beauty. Pehr Kalm (1716-1779)Pehr Kalm, a Swedish naturalist, could have brought it to Europe as part of a visit to America lasting several years - a hypothesis that is considered rather unlikely today Honey; Scoble, 2001 - Linnaeus's butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea).
The Nominiform or (new) nominotypic taxon: Taxon defined by the same name-bearing type as the higher-ranking taxon to which it itself belongs.Type Species corresponds to the subspecies Nymphalis antiopa ssp. antiopaNymphalis antiopa ssp. antiopa (Linnaeus, 1758)Nymphalis antiopa ssp. antiopa, see Subspecies: ssp. antiopa.
The Camberwell BeautyNymphalis antiopa (Linnaeus, 1758)Mourning CloakCamberwell Beauty is assigned to the family of Brush-footed ButterflyNymphalidaeFour-footed ButterflyBrush-footed Butterfly.
Currently the most common taxonomic categorisation of Camberwell BeautyNymphalis antiopa (Linnaeus, 1758)Mourning CloakCamberwell Beauty:
| Kingdom: Animalia (Animals) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Phylum: Arthropoda (Arthropods) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Subphylum: Tracheata | ||||||||||||||||||
| Class: Insecta (Insects) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Order: Lepidoptera (Butterflies) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Family: Nymphalidae (Brush-footed Butterflies) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Subfamily: Nymphalinae | ||||||||||||||||||
| Genus: Nymphalis | ||||||||||||||||||
| Species: antiopa | ||||||||||||||||||
The Camberwell BeautyNymphalis antiopa (Linnaeus, 1758)Mourning CloakCamberwell Beauty is found today in North America, Europe and Asia (see Distribution Worldwide.
Around 135 million years ago, the land masses of Eurasia and North America, which were connected at this time, began to separate and drift apart (source: Wikipedia: Kontinentaldrift).
Based on fossil finds (e.g. in Halle, Saxony-Anhalt), the emergence of butterflies is dated to around 350 million years before our time LÖBF, 1997 - Praxishandbuch Schmetterlingsschutz, i.e. the butterflies emerged around 200 million years before the continental drift.
| Earth ages | Period | ≈ Years | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present time | Continental drift | Butterflies | Mankind | ||
| Cenozoic = ‘Earth's New Era’, from the present day to approx. -66 million years agoCenozoic | Quaternary | Continental drift | Butterflies | ||
| Continental drift | Butterflies | ||||
| -2.6 Mio. | Continental drift | Butterflies | |||
| Neogene | Continental drift | Butterflies | |||
| Continental drift | Butterflies | ||||
| -23 Mio. | Continental drift | Butterflies | |||
| Paleocene | Continental drift | Butterflies | |||
| Continental drift | Butterflies | ||||
| -66 Mio. | Continental drift | Butterflies | |||
| Mesozoic, from approx. -66 to -260 million years agoMezozoic | Cretaceous | Continental drift | Butterflies | Dinosaurs | |
| Continental drift | Butterflies | Dinosaurs | |||
| -145 Mio. | Continental drift | Butterflies | Dinosaurs | ||
| Jurassic | Butterflies | Dinosaurs | |||
| Butterflies | Dinosaurs | ||||
| -200 Mio. | Butterflies | Dinosaurs | |||
| Triassic | Butterflies | Dinosaurs | |||
| Butterflies | |||||
| -260 Mio. | Butterflies | ||||
| Palaeozoic, from approx. -260 million years to -540 million years agoPalaeozoic | Permian | Butterflies | |||
| Butterflies | |||||
| -300 Mio. | Butterflies | ||||
| Carboniferous | Butterflies | ||||
| Butterflies | |||||
| -360 Mio. | Butterflies | ||||
| Devonian | |||||
| -420 Mio. | |||||
| Silurian | |||||
| -445 Mio. | |||||
| Ordovician | |||||
| -485 Mio. | |||||
| Cambrian | |||||
| -540 Mio. | |||||
At what time and in which region of the world did the Camberwell BeautyNymphalis antiopa (Linnaeus, 1758)Mourning CloakCamberwell Beauty emerge as an independent species?
United StatesSan Francisco, California, United StatesCalifornia, United StatesUnited States Scudder, 1889 - The Butterflies of the Eastern United States and Canada with special Reference to New England, Vol. I Scudder, 1899 - Every-day Butterflies: A Group of Biographies. According to Hermann BehrHermann Behr, the origin of Camberwell BeautyNymphalis antiopa (Linnaeus, 1758)Mourning CloakCamberwell Beauty lies in America. He concludes this from the fact that the 
PeacockAglais io (Linnaeus, 1758)Inachis ioNymphalis ioEuropean PeacockPeacock ButterflyPeacock can be found in illustrations in medieval prayer books, but not the Camberwell BeautyNymphalis antiopa (Linnaeus, 1758)Mourning CloakCamberwell Beauty, which harmonised well with the artistic ornamentation of the time. In his opinion, the Camberwell BeautyNymphalis antiopa (Linnaeus, 1758)Mourning CloakCamberwell Beauty may therefore only have travelled from America to Europe and Asia a few hundred years ago.Sören NylinSören Nylin has carried out a study on the phylogeny of the subfamily Nymphalini Nylin, 2001 - Phylogeny of Polygonia, Nymphalis and related butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae): a total-evidence analysis. Various aspects were considered within the framework of Cladistics = method of biological systematics within evolutionary biologycladistic analyses.
In the following, these aspects and the resulting relationships of Camberwell BeautyNymphalis antiopa (Linnaeus, 1758)Mourning CloakCamberwell Beauty to other species are listed according to the degree of relationship. A lower number indicates a higher degree of relationship, letters indicate an identical degree of relationship:
1The proximity to the Peacock Butterfly and the Blue Admiral in terms of similarities in the wing patterns is merely due to the fact that these species and the Camberwell Beauty and the Cyanomelas have lost the wing patterns of their ancestors over time and have superficial similarities (or the similarity that they have nothing in common). The original wing patterns of the Nymphalini are, for example, still more clearly present today in the Small Tortoiseshell or the Large Tortoiseshell.
Camberwell BeautyNymphalis antiopa (Linnaeus, 1758)Mourning CloakCamberwell Beauty
Trauermantel (Nymphalis antiopa)
[Breeding image]
Photograph:
Dieter StüningDieter Stüning; Bonn, 
GermanyBonn, GermanyGermany (about 1995)
Breeding: Dieter StüningDieter Stüning
The Camberwell BeautyNymphalis antiopa (Linnaeus, 1758)Mourning CloakCamberwell Beauty has (like all species of the Genus group - rank above the genus and below the subfamily. A tribus combines several closely related genera into a genus group.Tribe NymphaliniNymphalini) a Der Chromosomensatz einer Zelle ist nur einfach vorhanden, d.h. die Zelle enthält in ihrem Zellkern von allen verschiedenen Chromosomentypen nur jeweils ein einziges Exemplarhaploid chromosome set with 31 chromosomes (n=31) Maeki; Remington, 1960 - Studies of the Chromosomes of North American Rhopalocera. 4. Nymphalinae, Charaxidinae, Libytheinae..
The species of the German: Eckfalter, Zackenflügelfalter, EckflüglerAnglewing butterflies group (in German something like Eckfalter, Zackenflügelfalter or Eckflügler [Meyers Konversations-Lexikon, 1888]1) are characterised by serrated wing edges and their winter Hormone-controlled dormancy of insects and other invertebrates, especially during prolonged cold or dry periodsdiapause (see also Dvořák; Belicek; Fric, 2009 - Observations of overwintering nymphalid butterflies in underground shelters in SW and W Bohemia (Czech Republic) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Nymphalini)). The camouflage colour and pattern of their underwings (cryptic color and pattern) enables a visual fusion with the background or substrate during wintering.
The distribution area of the approximately 35 species of German: Eckfalter, Zackenflügelfalter, EckflüglerAnglewing butterflies is exclusively the northern hemisphere of the earth.
The collective name German: Eckfalter, Zackenflügelfalter, EckflüglerAnglewing butterflies is based on a concept proposed by Ignaz Schiffermüller (1727-1806)Ignaz Schiffermüller in 1775 (Latin: Papiliones Angulati), which alludes to the jagged and angular outer contour of the wings Denis; Schiffermüller, 1775 - Ankündung eines systematischen Werkes von den Schmetterlingen der Wienergegend ("Wiener Verzeichnis"). Although Ignaz Schiffermüller (1727-1806)Ignaz Schiffermüller also assigns the species 
Red AdmiralVanessa atalanta (Linnaeus, 1758)Pyrameis atalantaRed AdmirableRed Admiral and 
Painted LadyVanessa cardui (Linnaeus, 1758)Cynthia carduiCosmopolitanPainted Lady to the Papiliones Angulati, these are no longer categorised as German: Eckfalter, Zackenflügelfalter, EckflüglerAnglewing butterflies. Reason: They do not overwinter as adult butterflies and do not have the special camouflage colour/pattern of the underside of the wings.
The genus VanessaVanessa is now considered a sister group of the German: Eckfalter, Zackenflügelfalter, EckflüglerAnglewing butterflies.
The name German: Eckfalter, Zackenflügelfalter, EckflüglerAnglewing butterflies was popularised by Clarence Moores Weed (1864-1947)Clarence Moores Weed, who in 1917 defined the Genus group - rank above the genus and below the subfamily. A tribus combines several closely related genera into a genus group.Tribe ‘Angle-Wings’ in his book ‘Butterflies worth knowing’ Weed, 1917 - Butterflies worth knowing.
Joseph BelicekJoseph Belicek has compiled the sources of names of the genera of German: Eckfalter, Zackenflügelfalter, EckflüglerAnglewing butterflies as well as any synonyms and homonyms.
In the list, valid names are bold and italicised, synonyms or homonyms are indented and italicised.
For further information on taxonomy and nomenclature, see e.g. Türkay, 2006 - Taxonomie und Nomenklatur.
Aglais DALMAN [1816]. - K. Svenska Vetensk.-Akad. Handl. 37(1) : 56. - Type speciesType species: Papilio urticae LINNAEUS, 1758, Type of the taxon was originally determinedoriginal determination.
Ichnusa REUSS, 1939. - Ent. Z., Frankf. a. M. 53: 3. - Type speciesType species: Papilio (Vanessa) ichnusa BONELLI, 1826, Taxon of the genus group was introduced with only one original speciesMonotype (cf. HEMMING 1967). - Originally proposed as a subgenus of Aglais, currently treated as a Several authors have independently described a new species on the basis of one and the same animal. The oldest name is valid, newer names are not valid ‘younger objective synonyms’.younger objective synonym of Aglais DALMAN, [1816].
Euvanessa SCUDDER, 1889. - Butts. eastern U.S. Canada (1) (3): 387. - Type speciesType species: Papilio antiopa LINNEAUS, 1758, Type of the taxon was originally determinedoriginal determination by GROTE, 1873.
Antiopana KORB, 2005. A catalogue of butterflies of the ex-USSR,… p. 72. - Type speciesType species: Papilio antiopa LINNAEUS, 1758, Type of the taxon was originally determinedoriginal determination and Taxon of the genus group was introduced with only one original speciesMonotype. Several authors have independently described a new species on the basis of one and the same animal. The oldest name is valid, newer names are not valid ‘younger objective synonyms’.younger objective synonym of Euvanessa SCUDDER, 1889.
Scudderia GROTE, 1873. - Canadian Entomologist, 5: 144. - Type speciesType species: Papilio antiopa LINNEAUS, 1758. - The current name was published in August 1873 and is generally used after the A name may only be used once in a group. This must be the first published name.Homonymy principle of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature regarded as already pre-documented by Scudderia STAL, 1873 (Mollusca) - published obviously already in April 1873 (Hemming, 1967). Scudderia GROTE, 1873 has been replaced by Euvanessa SCUDDER, 1889.
Inachis HÜBNER, [1819]. - Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (3):37. - Type speciesType species: Papilio io LINNAEUS, 1758, Taxon of the genus group was introduced with only one original speciesMonotype.
Hamadryas HÜBNER, [1806]. - Tentamen determinationis digestionis, … p. [1]. -Type speciesType species: Papilio io LINNAEUS, 1758. - Hamadryas HÜBNER, [1806], In 1926 the name was included in the ‘Official Index of Rejected or Invalid Generic Names in Zoology’ of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature under number 82 (Opinion 97, cf. HEMMING 1967).
Kaniska MOORE, [1899]. - Lep. Indica 4(41): 91. - Type speciesType species: Papilio canace LINNAEUS, 1763, Type of the taxon was originally determinedoriginal determination.
Nymphalis KLUK, [1780]. - Hist. Nat. Zwierz. pocz. gospod. 4: 86-89, no. 148. Type speciesType species: Papilio polychloros LINNAEUS, 1758, determined by Hemming 1933. - In 1954 the name was included in the ‘Official List of Generic Names in Zoology’ of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature under the number 702 (Opinion 278).
Polygonia HÜBNER, [1819]. Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (3): 36. - Type speciesType species: Papilio c-aureum LINNAEUS, 1758, determined by SCUDDER, 1872.
Comma RENNIE, 1832 - Conspectus Butt. Moths, p. 8. - Type speciesType species: Papilio c-album LINNAEUS, 1758, Taxon of the genus group was introduced with only one original speciesMonotype. - Several authors have independently described a new species on the basis of one and the same animal. The oldest name is valid, newer names are not valid ‘younger objective synonyms’.younger objective synonym of Polygonia HÜBNER, [1819].
Eugonia HÜBNER, [1819] - Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (3): 36. - Type speciesType species: Papilio angelica STOLL, [1782], subsequent determination by GROTE, 1873. - Several authors have independently described a new species on the basis of one and the same animal. The oldest name is valid, newer names are not valid ‘younger objective synonyms’.younger objective synonym of Polygonia HÜBNER, [1819].
Grapta KIRBY, 1837. In Richardson, Fauna Boreali-Amer., p. 292. - Type speciesType species: Vanessa (Grapta) c-argenteum KIRBY, 1837, Taxon of the genus group was introduced with only one original speciesMonotype. - Several authors have independently described a new species on the basis of one and the same animal. The oldest name is valid, newer names are not valid ‘younger objective synonyms’.younger objective synonym of Polygonia HÜBNER, [1819].
Roddia KORSHUNOV, 1995. - In: KORSHUNOV & GORBUNOV: Butts. Asiat. Russia: 81-82 - Type speciesType species: Papilio l-album ESPER, 1781, Type of the taxon was originally determinedoriginal determination and Taxon of the genus group was introduced with only one original speciesMonotype.
1Although the German name 'Eckenfalter' fits the actual name, it stands for a different group of nymphalids.
Donald Harvey Harvey, 1991 - Higher classification of the Nymphalidae divided the subfamily of the NymphalinaeNymphalinae into three Genus group - rank above the genus and below the subfamily. A tribus combines several closely related genera into a genus group.Tribe in 1991, resulting in the following classification of the Camberwell BeautyNymphalis antiopa (Linnaeus, 1758)Mourning CloakCamberwell Beauty:
| Subfamily: Nymphalinae | |||||||||||||
| Tribe: MelitaeiniMelitaeini | |||||||||||||
| Tribe: NymphaliniNymphalini | |||||||||||||
| Genus: Nymphalis | |||||||||||||
| Species: antiopa | |||||||||||||
| Tribe: KalliminiKallimini | |||||||||||||
However, the definition of the Genus group - rank above the genus and below the subfamily. A tribus combines several closely related genera into a genus group.Tribe NymphaliniNymphalini is now considered in a more differentiated way (see e.g. Nylin, 2001 - Phylogeny of Polygonia, Nymphalis and related butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae): a total-evidence analysis). Some of the NymphaliniNymphalini genera are also assigned to the group of so-called German: Eckfalter, Zackenflügelfalter, EckflüglerAnglewing butterflies (for details see Systematics (Anglewing Butterflies)).
The following table contains all current NymphaliniNymphalini genera. Genera of the classification originally proposed by Harvey are marked with an asterisk (*):
| Genus | Anglewing butterfly? | in GermanyGermany |
outside of GermanyGermany |
|---|---|---|---|
| AglaisAglais (*) | Anglewing butterfly |  Small TortoiseshellAglais urticae (Linnaeus, 1758)Nymphalis urticaeSmall Tortoiseshell
|
|
| AntanartiaAntanartia (*) | does not occur | ||
| AraschniaAraschnia (*) |  MapAraschnia levana (Linnaeus, 1758)Map
|
||
| BassarisBassaris (*) | does not occur |  New Zealand red admiralVanessa gonerillaNew Zealand red admiral
|
|
| ColoburaColobura | does not occur | ||
| CynthiaCynthia (*) | Painted LadyVanessa cardui (Linnaeus, 1758)Cynthia carduiCosmopolitanPainted Lady
|
||
| HypanartiaHypanartia (*) | does not occur | ||
| InachisInachis (*) | Anglewing butterfly | PeacockAglais io (Linnaeus, 1758)Inachis ioNymphalis ioEuropean PeacockPeacock ButterflyPeacock
|
|
| KaniskaKaniska (*) | Anglewing butterfly | does not occur |  Blue AdmiralKaniska canace (Linnaeus, 1763)Blue Admiral
|
| MynesMynes (*) | does not occur |  Jezebel NymphMynes geoffroyi (Guérin-Méneville, 1830)Jezebel Nymph
|
|
| TortoiseshellNymphalisAnglewing butterflyTortoiseshell 1 (*) | Anglewing butterfly | Camberwell BeautyNymphalis antiopa (Linnaeus, 1758)Mourning CloakCamberwell Beauty
 Large TortoiseshellNymphalis polychloros (Linnaeus, 1758)Large Tortoiseshell
|
 Mexican TortoiseshellNymphalis cyanomelas Doubleday, 1848Mexican Tortoiseshell |
| PolygoniaPolygonia (*) | Anglewing butterfly |  CommaPolygonia c-album (Linnaeus, 1758)Nymphalis c-albumComma
|
 Green CommaPolygonia faunus (Edwards, 1862)Nymphalis faunusGreen Comma
|
| RoddiaRoddia | Anglewing butterfly | does not occur |  Compton Tortoise ShellNymphalis vaualbum (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)Nymphalis l-albumPolygonia vau-albumVanessa l-albumPolygonia l-albumRoddia l-albumRoddia vaualbumRoddia v-albumRoddia j-albumCompton TortoiseshellFalse CommaCompton Tortoise Shell
|
| SmyrnaSmyrna | does not occur | ||
| SymbrenthiaSymbrenthia (*) | does not occur | ||
| TigridiaTigridia | does not occur | ||
| VanessaVanessa (*) | Red AdmiralVanessa atalanta (Linnaeus, 1758)Pyrameis atalantaRed AdmirableRed Admiral
|
Joseph BelicekJoseph Belicek divides the genus TortoiseshellNymphalisAnglewing butterflyTortoiseshell into the genera TortoiseshellNymphalisAnglewing butterflyTortoiseshell and EuvanessaEuvanessa (Source: Joseph Belicek, pers. comm., 2010). According to this model, the Camberwell BeautyNymphalis antiopa (Linnaeus, 1758)Mourning CloakCamberwell Beauty is categorised as follows:
| Subfamily: Nymphalinae | |||||||||||||
| Genus: Nymphalis | |||||||||||||
| Genus: Euvanessa | |||||||||||||
| Species: antiopa | |||||||||||||
The TortoiseshellNymphalisAnglewing butterflyTortoiseshell species of the Joseph BelicekJoseph Belicek categorisation are characterised by an orange-brown colour with dark mottling, whereas the two EuvanessaEuvanessa species have a darker overall appearance.
1Joseph Belicek divides the genus Nymphalis into the genera Nymphalis and Euvanessa.