Stage, early December 2024 in United StatesUnited StatesUnited States

  • early December: Camberwell Beauty (Nymphalis antiopa)
    United StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited States /PicturesNA/Misc/snow_16_16_edc401.png rare, hibernating
    /PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Nymphalis_antiopa_logo_36_26.png
    Butterfly (hibernating)
Day Year
DE EN

Bonn: Butterfly Calendar

Sorting:
Family Species Presence Flying time Size
Selected species: All
Wingcolor
Observable in Bonn, early May: 26 of 47 selected species

common

11

/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/vanessa_atalanta_logo_36_26.pngRed AdmiralVanessa atalanta (Linnaeus, 1758)Pyrameis atalantaRed Admirable/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/vanessa_atalanta_logo_36_26.png /PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Pieris_brassicae_logo_72_26.pngLarge WhitePieris brassicae (Linnaeus, 1758)Cabbage ButterflyCabbage WhiteLarge Cabbage White/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Pieris_brassicae_male_logo_36_26.png /PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Gonepteryx_rhamni_logo_72_26.pngBrimstoneGonepteryx rhamni (Linnaeus, 1758)Common Brimstone/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Gonepteryx_rhamni_male_logo_36_26.png /PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/nymphalis_io_logo_36_26.pngPeacockAglais io (Linnaeus, 1758)Inachis ioNymphalis ioEuropean PeacockPeacock Butterfly/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/nymphalis_io_logo_36_26.png /PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/nymphalis_urticae_logo_36_26.pngSmall TortoiseshellAglais urticae (Linnaeus, 1758)Nymphalis urticae/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/nymphalis_urticae_logo_36_26.png /PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Pieris_rapae_logo_72_26.pngSmall WhitePieris rapae (Linnaeus, 1758)Small Cabbage WhiteCabbage WhiteCabbage ButterflyWhite butterfly/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Pieris_rapae_male_logo_36_26.png /PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Pieris_napi_logo_72_26.pngGreen-veined WhitePieris napi (Linnaeus, 1758)/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Pieris_napi_male_logo_36_26.png /PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/polygonia_c-album_logo_36_26.pngCommaPolygonia c-album (Linnaeus, 1758)Nymphalis c-album/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/polygonia_c-album_logo_36_26.png /PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Anthocharis_cardamines_male_female_logo_72_26.pngOrange TipAnthocharis cardamines (Linnaeus, 1758)anthocharis cardaminea/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Anthocharis_cardamines_male_logo_36_26.png /PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Pararge_aegeria_logo_36_26.pngSpeckled WoodPararge aegeria (Linnaeus, 1758)/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Pararge_aegeria_logo_36_26.png /PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Celastrina_argiolus_logo_72_26.pngHolly BlueCelastrina argiolus (Linnaeus, 1758)/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Celastrina_argiolus_male_logo_36_26.png

rare

13

/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Papilio_machaon_logo_36_26.pngSwallowtailPapilio machaon Linnaeus, 1758/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Papilio_machaon_logo_36_26.png /PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/vanessa_cardui_logo_36_26.pngPainted LadyVanessa cardui (Linnaeus, 1758)Cynthia carduiCosmopolitan/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/vanessa_cardui_logo_36_26.png /PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/nymphalis_polychloros_logo_36_26.pngLarge TortoiseshellNymphalis polychloros (Linnaeus, 1758)/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/nymphalis_polychloros_logo_36_26.png /PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Lasiommata_megera_logo_36_26.pngWallLasiommata megera (Linnaeus, 1767)Wall Brown/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Lasiommata_megera_logo_36_26.png /PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Leptidea_sinapis_logo_72_26.pngWood WhiteLeptidea sinapis (Linnaeus, 1758)/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Leptidea_sinapis_male_logo_36_26.png /PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Pieris_mannii_logo_72_26.pngSouthern Small WhitePieris mannii (Mayer, 1851)/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Pieris_mannii_male_logo_36_26.png /PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Issoria_lathonia_logo_36_26.pngQueen of Spain FritillaryIssoria lathonia (Linnaeus, 1758)Argynnis lathonia/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Issoria_lathonia_logo_36_26.png /PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Araschnia_levana_logo_36_26.pngMapAraschnia levana (Linnaeus, 1758)/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Araschnia_levana_logo_36_26.png /PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Cupido_argiades_logo_72_26.pngShort-Tailed BlueCupido argiades (Pallas, 1771)Everes argiadesTailed Cupid/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Cupido_argiades_male_logo_36_26.png /PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Coenonympha_pamphilus_logo_36_26.pngSmall HeathCoenonympha pamphilus (Linnaeus, 1758)/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Coenonympha_pamphilus_logo_36_26.png /PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Carterocephalus_palaemon_logo_36_26.pngChequered SkipperCarterocephalus palaemon (Pallas, 1771)/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Carterocephalus_palaemon_logo_36_26.png /PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Lycaena_phlaeas_logo_72_26.pngSmall CopperLycaena phlaeas (Linnaeus, 1761)American CopperCommon Copper/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Lycaena_phlaeas_male_logo_36_26.png /PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Polyommatus_agestis_logo_72_26.pngBrown ArgusAricia agestis (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)Polyommatus agestis/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Polyommatus_agestis_male_logo_36_26.png

very rare

2

/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Iphiclides_podalirius_logo_36_26.pngScarce SwallowtailIphiclides podalirius (Linnaeus, 1758)Sail SwallowtailPear-Tree Swallowtail/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Iphiclides_podalirius_logo_36_26.png /PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Colias_crocea_logo_72_26.pngClouded YellowColias croceus (Geoffroy, 1785)Colias croceaColias edusa/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Colias_crocea_male_logo_36_26.png

Bonn: Annual view
Jan. Feb. Mär. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.
beg. mid end beg. mid end beg. mid end beg. mid end beg. mid end beg. mid end beg. mid end beg. mid end beg. mid end beg. mid end beg. mid end beg. mid end
/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Iphiclides_podalirius_logo_36_26.pngScarce SwallowtailIphiclides podalirius (Linnaeus, 1758)Sail SwallowtailPear-Tree Swallowtail/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Iphiclides_podalirius_logo_36_26.pngScarce Swallowtail
early May: Scarce Swallowtail (Iphiclides podalirius)
Bonn /PicturesNA/Misc/check_ce0705.png very rare
/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Papilio_machaon_logo_36_26.pngSwallowtailPapilio machaon Linnaeus, 1758/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Papilio_machaon_logo_36_26.pngSwallowtail
early May: Swallowtail (Papilio machaon)
Bonn /PicturesNA/Misc/check_edc401.png rare
/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Apatura_iris_logo_36_26.pngPurple EmperorApatura iris (Linnaeus, 1758)/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Apatura_iris_logo_36_26.pngPurple Emperor
/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Argynnis_paphia_logo_72_26.pngSilver-washed FritillaryArgynnis paphia (Linnaeus, 1758)/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Argynnis_paphia_male_logo_36_26.pngSilver-washed Fritillary
/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/vanessa_atalanta_logo_36_26.pngRed AdmiralVanessa atalanta (Linnaeus, 1758)Pyrameis atalantaRed Admirable/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/vanessa_atalanta_logo_36_26.pngRed Admiral
early May: Red Admiral (Vanessa atalanta)
Bonn /PicturesNA/Misc/check_008d03.png common
/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/vanessa_cardui_logo_36_26.pngPainted LadyVanessa cardui (Linnaeus, 1758)Cynthia carduiCosmopolitan/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/vanessa_cardui_logo_36_26.pngPainted Lady
early May: Painted Lady (Vanessa cardui)
Bonn /PicturesNA/Misc/check_edc401.png rare, Immigrant
/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Apatura_ilia_logo_36_26.pngLesser Purple EmperorApatura ilia (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Apatura_ilia_logo_36_26.pngLesser Purple Emperor
/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Pieris_brassicae_logo_72_26.pngLarge WhitePieris brassicae (Linnaeus, 1758)Cabbage ButterflyCabbage WhiteLarge Cabbage White/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Pieris_brassicae_male_logo_36_26.pngLarge White
early May: Large White (Pieris brassicae)
Bonn /PicturesNA/Misc/check_008d03.png common
/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/nymphalis_polychloros_logo_36_26.pngLarge TortoiseshellNymphalis polychloros (Linnaeus, 1758)/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/nymphalis_polychloros_logo_36_26.pngLarge Tortoiseshell
early May: Large Tortoiseshell (Nymphalis polychloros)
Bonn /PicturesNA/Misc/check_edc401.png rare
/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Gonepteryx_rhamni_logo_72_26.pngBrimstoneGonepteryx rhamni (Linnaeus, 1758)Common Brimstone/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Gonepteryx_rhamni_male_logo_36_26.pngBrimstone
early May: Brimstone (Gonepteryx rhamni)
Bonn /PicturesNA/Misc/check_008d03.png common
/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/nymphalis_io_logo_36_26.pngPeacockAglais io (Linnaeus, 1758)Inachis ioNymphalis ioEuropean PeacockPeacock Butterfly/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/nymphalis_io_logo_36_26.pngPeacock
early May: Peacock (Aglais io)
Bonn /PicturesNA/Misc/check_008d03.png common
/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Lasiommata_megera_logo_36_26.pngWallLasiommata megera (Linnaeus, 1767)Wall Brown/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Lasiommata_megera_logo_36_26.pngWall
early May: Wall (Lasiommata megera)
Bonn /PicturesNA/Misc/check_edc401.png rare
/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Melanargia_galathea_logo_36_26.pngMarbled WhiteMelanargia galathea (Linnaeus, 1758)/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Melanargia_galathea_logo_36_26.pngMarbled White
/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Limenitis_camilla_logo_36_26.pngWhite AdmiralLimenitis camilla (Linnaeus, 1764)/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Limenitis_camilla_logo_36_26.pngWhite Admiral
/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Colias_crocea_logo_72_26.pngClouded YellowColias croceus (Geoffroy, 1785)Colias croceaColias edusa/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Colias_crocea_male_logo_36_26.pngClouded Yellow
early May: Clouded Yellow (Colias croceus)
Bonn /PicturesNA/Misc/check_ce0705.png very rare, Immigrant
/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/nymphalis_urticae_logo_36_26.pngSmall TortoiseshellAglais urticae (Linnaeus, 1758)Nymphalis urticae/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/nymphalis_urticae_logo_36_26.pngSmall Tortoiseshell
early May: Small Tortoiseshell (Aglais urticae)
Bonn /PicturesNA/Misc/check_008d03.png common
/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Pieris_rapae_logo_72_26.pngSmall WhitePieris rapae (Linnaeus, 1758)Small Cabbage WhiteCabbage WhiteCabbage ButterflyWhite butterfly/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Pieris_rapae_male_logo_36_26.pngSmall White
early May: Small White (Pieris rapae)
Bonn /PicturesNA/Misc/check_008d03.png common
/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Brenthis_daphne_logo_36_26.pngMarbled FritillaryBrenthis daphne (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Brenthis_daphne_logo_36_26.pngMarbled Fritillary
/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Pieris_napi_logo_72_26.pngGreen-veined WhitePieris napi (Linnaeus, 1758)/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Pieris_napi_male_logo_36_26.pngGreen-veined White
early May: Green-veined White (Pieris napi)
Bonn /PicturesNA/Misc/check_008d03.png common
/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/polygonia_c-album_logo_36_26.pngCommaPolygonia c-album (Linnaeus, 1758)Nymphalis c-album/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/polygonia_c-album_logo_36_26.pngComma
early May: Comma (Polygonia c-album)
Bonn /PicturesNA/Misc/check_008d03.png common
/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Pontia_edusa_male_female_logo_72_26.pngBath WhitePontia edusa (Linnaeus, 1758)/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Pontia_edusa_male_logo_36_26.pngBath White
/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Leptidea_sinapis_logo_72_26.pngWood WhiteLeptidea sinapis (Linnaeus, 1758)/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Leptidea_sinapis_male_logo_36_26.pngWood White
early May: Wood White (Leptidea sinapis)
Bonn /PicturesNA/Misc/check_edc401.png rare
/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Maniola_jurtina_logo_72_26.pngMeadow BrownManiola jurtina (Linnaeus, 1758)/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Maniola_jurtina_male_logo_36_26.pngMeadow Brown
/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Pieris_mannii_logo_72_26.pngSouthern Small WhitePieris mannii (Mayer, 1851)/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Pieris_mannii_male_logo_36_26.pngSouthern Small White
early May: Southern Small White (Pieris mannii)
Bonn /PicturesNA/Misc/check_edc401.png rare
/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Anthocharis_cardamines_male_female_logo_72_26.pngOrange TipAnthocharis cardamines (Linnaeus, 1758)anthocharis cardaminea/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Anthocharis_cardamines_male_logo_36_26.pngOrange Tip
early May: Orange Tip (Anthocharis cardamines)
Bonn /PicturesNA/Misc/check_008d03.png common
/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Pararge_aegeria_logo_36_26.pngSpeckled WoodPararge aegeria (Linnaeus, 1758)/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Pararge_aegeria_logo_36_26.pngSpeckled Wood
early May: Speckled Wood (Pararge aegeria)
Bonn /PicturesNA/Misc/check_008d03.png common
/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Issoria_lathonia_logo_36_26.pngQueen of Spain FritillaryIssoria lathonia (Linnaeus, 1758)Argynnis lathonia/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Issoria_lathonia_logo_36_26.pngQueen of Spain Fritillary
early May: Queen of Spain Fritillary (Issoria lathonia)
Bonn /PicturesNA/Misc/check_edc401.png rare
/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Araschnia_levana_logo_36_26.pngMapAraschnia levana (Linnaeus, 1758)/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Araschnia_levana_logo_36_26.pngMap
early May: Map (Araschnia levana)
Bonn /PicturesNA/Misc/check_edc401.png rare
/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Aphantopus_hyperantus_logo_36_26.pngRingletAphantopus hyperantus (Linnaeus, 1758)/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Aphantopus_hyperantus_logo_36_26.pngRinglet
/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Colias_hyale_logo_72_26.pngPale Clouded YellowColias hyale (Linnaeus, 1758)/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Colias_hyale_male_logo_36_26.pngPale Clouded Yellow
/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Pyronia_tithonus_logo_72_26.pngGatekeeperPyronia tithonus (Linnaeus, 1767)Maniola tithonusHedge Brown/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Pyronia_tithonus_male_logo_36_26.pngGatekeeper
/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Thecla_betulae_logo_72_26.pngBrown HairtreakThecla betulae (Linnaeus, 1758)/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Thecla_betulae_male_logo_36_26.pngBrown Hairtreak
/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Satyrium_w-album_logo_36_26.pngWhite-letter HairstreakSatyrium w-album (Knoch, 1782)/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Satyrium_w-album_logo_36_26.pngWhite-letter Hairstreak
/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Satyrium_pruni_logo_72_26.pngBlack HairstreakSatyrium pruni (Linnaeus, 1758)/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Satyrium_pruni_male_logo_36_26.pngBlack Hairstreak
/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Polyommatus_semiargus_logo_72_26.pngCyaniris semiargusCyaniris semiargus (Rottemburg, 1775)Polyommatus semiargus/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Polyommatus_semiargus_male_logo_36_26.pngCyaniris semiargus
/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Cupido_argiades_logo_72_26.pngShort-Tailed BlueCupido argiades (Pallas, 1771)Everes argiadesTailed Cupid/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Cupido_argiades_male_logo_36_26.pngShort-Tailed Blue
early May: Short-Tailed Blue (Cupido argiades)
Bonn /PicturesNA/Misc/check_edc401.png rare
/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/thymelicus_sylvestris_logo_72_26.pngSmall SkipperThymelicus sylvestris (Poda, 1761)/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/thymelicus_sylvestris_male_logo_36_26.pngSmall Skipper
/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Coenonympha_pamphilus_logo_36_26.pngSmall HeathCoenonympha pamphilus (Linnaeus, 1758)/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Coenonympha_pamphilus_logo_36_26.pngSmall Heath
early May: Small Heath (Coenonympha pamphilus)
Bonn /PicturesNA/Misc/check_edc401.png rare
/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Phengaris_nausithous_logo_72_26.pngDusky Large BluePhengaris nausithous (Bergsträsser, 1779)Maculinea nausithousGlaucopsyche nausithous/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Phengaris_nausithous_male_logo_36_26.pngDusky Large Blue
/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Ochlodes_sylvanus_logo_72_26.pngLarge skipperOchlodes sylvanus (Esper, 1777)Augiades sylvanusOchlodes venataOchlodes faunus/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Ochlodes_sylvanus_male_logo_36_26.pngLarge skipper
/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Polyommatus_icarus_logo_72_26.pngCommon BluePolyommatus icarus (Rottemburg, 1775)Common Blue Butterfly/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Polyommatus_icarus_male_logo_36_26.pngCommon Blue
/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Celastrina_argiolus_logo_72_26.pngHolly BlueCelastrina argiolus (Linnaeus, 1758)/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Celastrina_argiolus_male_logo_36_26.pngHolly Blue
early May: Holly Blue (Celastrina argiolus)
Bonn /PicturesNA/Misc/check_008d03.png common
/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Neozephyrus_quercus_logo_72_26.pngPurple HairstreakFavonius quercus (Linnaeus, 1758)Neozephyrus quercus/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Neozephyrus_quercus_male_logo_36_26.pngPurple Hairstreak
/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Carterocephalus_palaemon_logo_36_26.pngChequered SkipperCarterocephalus palaemon (Pallas, 1771)/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Carterocephalus_palaemon_logo_36_26.pngChequered Skipper
early May: Chequered Skipper (Carterocephalus palaemon)
Bonn /PicturesNA/Misc/check_edc401.png rare
/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Lycaena_phlaeas_logo_72_26.pngSmall CopperLycaena phlaeas (Linnaeus, 1761)American CopperCommon Copper/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Lycaena_phlaeas_male_logo_36_26.pngSmall Copper
early May: Small Copper (Lycaena phlaeas)
Bonn /PicturesNA/Misc/check_edc401.png rare
/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Polyommatus_agestis_logo_72_26.pngBrown ArgusAricia agestis (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)Polyommatus agestis/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/Polyommatus_agestis_male_logo_36_26.pngBrown Argus
early May: Brown Argus (Aricia agestis)
Bonn /PicturesNA/Misc/check_edc401.png rare
/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/thymelicus_lineola_logo_72_26.pngEssex SkipperThymelicus lineola (Ochsenheimer, 1808)/PicturesNA/ButterflyLogos/thymelicus_lineola_male_logo_36_26.pngEssex Skipper
Number of species 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 9 17 19 24 26 29 30 37 38 41 46 44 45 44 43 39 29 28 27 21 11 9 8 6 6 6 6 6

Data sources:

Reinhardt; Harpke; Caspari; Dolek; Kuehn; Musche; Trusch; Wiemers; Settele, 2020 - Verbreitungsatlas der Tagfalter und Widderchen Deutschlands

Nash; Boyd; Hardiman, 2012 - Ireland's Butterflies - A Review

Kolligs, 2003 - Schmetterlinge Schleswig-Holsteins, Atlas der Tagfalter, Dickkopffalter und Widderchen

Asher, 2001 - Millennium atlas of butterflies in Britain and Ireland

Settele, 1999 - Die Tagfalter Deutschlands

Ebert; Rennwald, 1991 - Die Schmetterlinge Baden-Württembergs. Band 1, Tagfalter I

Ebert; Rennwald, 1991 - Die Schmetterlinge Baden-Württembergs. Band 2, Tagfalter II